中隔墩长度对斜式轴伸泵装置出水流道水力特性的影响

为研究大型低扬程泵站斜式出水流道水力特性,采用数值模拟方法对某斜20°轴伸泵装置三维湍流流场进行了数值计算,发现斜式出水流道内存在严重的偏流问题,基于4种计算方案的数值模拟结果分析了偏流的成因,在研究了中隔墩长度对斜式出水流道流态和水头损失影响的基础上提出了解决偏流的措施,并得到模型试验的验证。研究结果表明:顺水流方向看,中隔墩长度为14 m时的斜式出水流道内的主流明显偏于左侧,在流道右侧下部存在较大范围的旋涡区;导叶体出口具有较大周向速度分量的水流呈螺旋状进入"S"形弯曲的斜式出水流道,两者相互作用导致斜式出水流道产生偏流;随着中隔墩长度的增加,斜式出水流道左右孔的偏流系数逐渐减小、流道水头损失呈先减小再增大趋势,当中隔墩加长至23.35m时出水流道左右两侧的出流流量达到基本相等;采用长中隔墩斜式出水流道的泵装置模型试验最优工况点效率达到80.56%,泵装置模型试验结果与数值模拟结果一致,取得了预期的纠偏效果,得到有关工程设计院的认可,并应用于工程实际。     

河北省山区降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征

[目的] 探究河北省山区降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征，为该区水土流失治理措施的制定和实施提供科学依据。[方法] 应用时间变化分析和空间分布分析对河北省山区2000-2018年降雨侵蚀力进行分析。[结果] 时间趋势中燕山山区年降雨侵蚀力呈波动上升趋势，主周期为11 a，在2009年发生突变，春、秋两季呈波动下降趋势，主周期分别为8和11 a，春季无突变点，秋季在2001年发生突变，夏季呈波动波动上升趋势，9 a为主周期，在2010年发生突变；太行山区年降雨侵蚀力呈波动下降趋势，主周期为6 a，无突变点，夏、秋两季呈波动上升趋势，主周期分别为8和10 a，均无突变点，春季呈波动下降趋势，主周期为8 a，在2006年发生突变；空间分布中，年均降雨侵蚀力范围为1 063.39~5 127.44 MJ·mm/（hm²·h），燕山山区由西到东年及夏季平均降雨侵蚀力先增长后降低再增长，太行山区中由南向北年、夏季平均降雨侵蚀力逐渐降低，春、秋两季降雨侵蚀力分布规律较为多变。[结论] 通过对河北省山区降雨侵蚀力的分析，得出河北省山区夏季水土流失最为严重，燕山山区部分地区尤为突出。     

无人机机载激光雷达提取果树单木树冠信息

定株管理是未来果园精准生产管理的趋势，果树单木树冠信息的提取是定株管理的关键。该研究利用无人机采集的苹果园激光探测与测量数据（Light Detection and Ranging，LiDAR）检测和测量每棵果树的树冠面积和树冠直径，并评价空间分辨率对于果树单木树冠检测与提取的影响。该方法主要包括使用反距离权重插值法间接生成冠层高度模型（Canopy Height Model，CHM）；使用局部极大值滤波算法和标记控制分水岭分割算法（Marked-Controlled Watered Segmentation，MCWS）对果树进行单木树冠检测与提取，通过与参考数据的比较，评估了该方法的精度，并定量分析了空间分辨率对于单木树冠检测与信息提取结果的敏感性。结果表明，该方法有效地实现果树单木树冠检测与信息提取，代表果树检测精度的F1得分为94.86%，树冠轮廓提取准确率为86.39%，树冠面积的提取数据集和参考数据集的线性拟合结果决定系数和归一化均方根误差分别为0.81和20.56%，树冠直径的提取数据集和参考数据集的线性拟合结果决定系数和归一化均方根误差分别为0.85和14.79%，树冠面积和直径不同程度地被高估。此外，冠层高度模型的空间分辨率接近果树平均树冠直径的1/10时精度最高，可以有效检测果树单木树冠及提取树冠轮廓，从而准确提取果树单木树冠信息。     

花龄期棉花虫害的电子鼻检测

棉花害虫具有隐蔽性、迁飞性和突发性特点，并且影响因素众多，棉花虫害准确地诊断是农业领域的难点问题。该研究以受到棉铃虫侵害的花铃期棉花为研究对象，采用电子鼻对不同处理的棉花挥发物进行检测。研究表明，主成分分析（Principal Component Analysis, PCA）和聚类分析结果显示健康棉花释放的挥发物具有明显的昼夜节律性，健康棉花与虫害棉花差异性显著。径向基函数神经网络（Radial Basis Function Neural Network, RBFNN）对8个不同时间的4组虫害棉花处理进行分析，测试集判别总的正确率为73.4%，健康棉花对照组测试集判别正确率100%，误判样本出现在3个虫害处理之间。当不考虑时间因素建立虫害棉花统一的预测模型，RBFNN模型对健康棉花对照组的预测正确率均达到了100%，分析结果可以作为花铃期棉花是否遭受棉铃虫侵害的依据，说明电子鼻可以作为棉花虫害发生的有效监测手段，在农作物虫害监测领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

基于Kjeldahl与Dumas方法的农作物秸秆总氮含量分析

凯氏定氮法(Kjeldahl)与杜马斯燃烧法(Dumas)是测定农业生物质总氮含量的主要检测手段,但二者的测定结果数值存在差异。该研究获取农作物秸秆样本(水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜和棉花)共计1 179个,分别采用Kjeldahl和Dumas方法测定总氮(TKN和TCN,total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total combustion nitroyen)含量,通过多种统计与分析方法,系统分析比较了不同农作物秸秆总氮含量及其分布的异同和相关关系。结果表明:不同农作物秸秆氮含量分布均呈非正态分布,建议采用中位数统计;5种秸秆总体的TKN质量分数为(7.12±1.87) g/kg,TCN质量分数为(8.00±2.13) g/kg,TKN含量显著小于TCN含量;小麦和棉花秸秆的TKN含量和TCN含量与其他秸秆间均存在显著差异(P <0.05);不同生物质TKN含量与TCN含量关系不同,建议采用最小中位数二乘法进行拟合分析。研究结果可为农作物秸秆科学利用提供数据及方法互通性支撑。     

Effect of dietary Moringa stem meal level on growth performance,slaughter performance and serum biochemical parameters in geese

Moringa stem meal (MSM) with a high level of crude fibre (CF) might be developed and utilized in herbivorous geese as an unconventional feedstuff. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the MSM level in the diet on the growth performance, slaughter performance, breast meat quality and serum biochemical parameters in geese from 22 to 70 days of age. A one-factor completely randomized design was adopted in our study. A total of one thousand eight 21-day-old geese were randomly divided into six groups, with six replicates per group and 28 birds per replicate. The geese were fed diets containing MSM levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 g/kg during day 22–70. The dietary MSM level had no effect (p > .05) on the final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) or average daily feed intake (ADFI). The feed/gain ratio (F/G) increased linearly (p < .001) as the dietary MSM level increased. No differences (p > .05) were observed in the slaughter performance, meat quality and the relative organ weight (except for thymus) of the geese (p > .05). The relative weight of the thymus in the geese fed diets with supplementation of MSM was higher than that in the non-supplemented MSM control group (p < .05). In addition, 100 g MSM/kg of diet decreased the serum glucose (GLU) level (p < .05) and increased the alanine transaminase (ALT) enzyme activity (p = .03). Dietary MSM levels of no more than 60 g/kg had no effects on the growth performance and slaughter performance, whereas diets with 100 g MSM/kg increased the F/G and serum ALT enzyme activity, as well as decreasing the serum GLU level. Therefore, MSM provided at a reasonable level could be developed as an unconventional feedstuff for geese at the finisher period.     

Composition of clay minerals and their pedogenetic and taxonomic implications for Stagnic Anthrosols derived from different parent materials in Hunan Province,China

Purpose

The aims of this study were to investigate the composition of clay minerals in soils derived from different parent materials and to elucidate how parent materials and pedogenic environment affect the distribution of clay minerals and reveal the implications for pedogenetics and taxonomy in Stagnic Anthrosols.

Materials and methods

Clay mineralogy and physicochemical properties of the Hydragric horizon of Stagnic Anthrosols derived from granite (GR), plate shale (PS), quaternary red clays (QRC), limestone (LS), purple sandy shale (PSS) and fluvial-lacustrine deposit (FLD) located in Hunan Province of China were analysed to explore the relationships between the conditions influencing the formation of the soil and the composition of clay minerals.

Results and discussion

Results indicated that the composition of clay minerals is closely related to both parent material and type of Stagnic Anthrosols: the soils derived from GR, PS and QRC, which are mostly classified as Fe-accumulic-Stagnic Anthrosols, are dominantly 1:1 type kaolinite and vermiculite and illite/vermiculite mixed layer minerals of widespread distribution. However, soils derived from LS, PSS and FLD were mainly classified as Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols and are mainly composed of 2:1 type illite/smectite mixed layer minerals, where chlorite is commonly found. Illite is widely distributed and its content varies the least among different parent materials. An extremely significant relationship between pH and kaolinite, chlorite and mixed layer minerals was noted, and the two kinds of mixed layer minerals showed highly significant negative correlation.

Conclusions

This study revealed that the types and quantities of clay minerals in the soil are closely related to the types of parent material. This reflected better direction and degree of development in Stagnic Anthrosols, which is related to the physicochemical properties of parent material and can be used as one of the bases for the classification of soil groups and subgroups within the soil family for Stagnic Anthrosols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy.

     

Artificial Diet Influences Population Growth of the Root Maggot Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae)

In order to investigate the effects of artificial diets on the population growth of root maggot Bradysia impatiens, its population growth parameters were assayed on eight artificial diets (Diet 1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8). Results showed that developmental duration from egg to pupa was successfully completed on all eight artificial diets. However, the egg to pupal duration was shortest, while the survival rate of four insect stages was lowest when B. impatiens was reared on D1. When B. impatiens was reared on D7 and D8, the survival rate, female longevity, and female oviposition were higher than those reared on other diets. When B. impatiens was reared on D7, the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m = 0.19/d), net reproductive rate (R₀ = 39.88 offspring per individual), and finite rate of increase (λ = 1.21/d) were higher for its population growth with shorter generation time (T = 19.49 d) and doubling time (Dt = 3.67 d). The findings indicate that the D7 artificial diet is more appropriate for the biological parameters of B. impatiens and can be used an indoor breeding food for population expansion as well as further research. We propose that vitamin C supplement added to the D7 is critical for the improvement of the B. impatiens growth.     

陕北黄土区退耕还林(草)地土壤质量特征及其对降水的响应

为了解陕北黄土区退耕还林（草）地土壤质量差异特征及其对降水的响应，该文沿370～470 mm的降水梯度，选取了陕西省吴起县境内的王洼子（370～395 mm）、大吉沟（440～445 mm）和白豹（460～470 mm）3个降水梯度区作为研究区，并结合土壤质量指数法，定量评价降水梯度区广泛栽植的刺槐林（Robinia pseudoacacia）、沙棘林（Hippophae rhamnoides）和草地的土壤物理结构、持水性、盐碱度、碳汇指标以及速效养分指标方面的综合得分，明确植被恢复后土壤质量随降水梯度的变化特征。结果表明：1）降水量、植被类型以及二者的交互作用对土壤指标影响显著（P<0.05）。2）在460～470 mm降水量区，刺槐林（0.829）对土壤质量改良效果最好，其次为沙棘林（0.808），二者土壤质量均达到肥沃水平，且差异不显著，草地（0.679）土壤质量指数最低，土壤为较肥沃水平；在440～445 mm降水量区，沙棘林（0.74）对土壤改良效果最好，其次为刺槐林（0.601），二者均达到较肥沃水平，草地（0.479）土壤质量指数最低为中等水平；在370～395 mm降水量区，3种植被类型土壤质量指数由大到小表现为沙棘林（0.744）>刺槐林（0.387）>草地（0.251），沙棘林土壤质量等级为较肥沃、刺槐林和草地为贫瘠水平。3）在370～470 mm降水梯度内，3种植被类型土壤质量综合指数均随着降水量的减少而降低，其中沙棘林土壤质量指数变异性较低（4.1%），刺槐林（30.1%）和草地（37.2%）土壤质量变异性较高。该研究结果可为陕北黄土区370～470 mm降水梯度下的植被恢复与重建等林业生态工程实施提供数据支撑与理论支持。     

茭鸭共作对茭白产量和品质的影响

为给茭白与鸭共作系统中适宜放养鸭密度提供参考依据,本研究通过大田试验,比较了茭白单作、茭白田放鸭300、375、450只/hm~2条件下茭白的生物学性状、产量和品质。结果表明:茭鸭共作能显著提高茭白后期叶片数、干物重及产量,并延缓茭白后期叶片衰败。放鸭密度从375只/hm~2增加至450只/hm~2时,茭白后期叶片衰败加快,且茭白产量不再增加。茭鸭共作显著提高茭白蛋白质、维生素C和氨基酸含量。茭鸭共作系统灌溉养殖池塘富营养化水4500 m~3/hm~2时,输入的N、P、K相当于99.75 kg尿素、38.25 kg过磷酸钙和83.55 kg氯化钾的养分含量。本试验条件下,茭白常规种植密度27795株/hm~2,田间适宜放鸭密度为375只/hm~2,可显著提高茭白产量及品质。